According to John Swales, a professor of linguistics at The University of Michigan, all science journal articles mak four rhetorical moves in their introductions. These moves are designed to show to readers that the article is worth reading and that it has something new to say. These moves do not always occur in the same order, but they are always present. The four moves are:
1. Announce the topic and show its importance.
2. Review and summarize previous research pertinent to the topic.
3. Make a gap in the previous research, showing that it is incomplete in some way.
4. Introduce the author's present research as filling that gap.
The title of Graff and Birkenstein's book on argumentation condenses these four moves to just two: They say, I say.
1. Announce the topic and show its importance.
2. Review and summarize previous research pertinent to the topic.
3. Make a gap in the previous research, showing that it is incomplete in some way.
4. Introduce the author's present research as filling that gap.
The title of Graff and Birkenstein's book on argumentation condenses these four moves to just two: They say, I say.
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